Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)
TDI, or Toluene Diisocyanate, is one of the primary materials used in the production of polyurethane foams. Polyurethane is a type of polymer that is formed from the reaction of isocyanates with alcohols. In the production of polyurethane foams, toluene diisocyanate is selected as the isocyanate to react with polyols (such as polystyrene, polyethylene, or polypropylene).
In other words, in the process of producing polyurethane foam, toluene diisocyanate is chosen as one of the main materials to react with polyols, forming a cross-linked polymer that constitutes the polyurethane foam. These foams can be used in various products, including flooring, insulation materials, and automotive parts, due to properties such as lightweight, flexibility, and resistance to abrasion.
Toluene diisocyanate is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₉H₆N₂O₂, with a density and molar mass of 1.21 grams per cubic centimeter and 174 grams per mole, respectively. This organic compound has several isomers, among which the 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI, produced in pure form, are commercially significant. However, this organic compound is typically marketed as mixtures with ratios of 80/20 and 65/35 of the 2,4 and 2,6 isomers. It is produced on a large scale, and in 2000, it accounted for approximately 34.1% of the global isocyanate market, ranking second after Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI). The approximate production volume in 2000 was 1.4 billion kilograms. Not all TDI isomers are colorless, but commercial samples may have a yellowish color.
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Analysis of TDI grades
You can find the list of TDI products in the table below:
TDI Manufacturers Worldwide:
Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) is a strategic chemical compound widely used in various industries. Some of the major TDI producers in the world include:
- Covestro :A leading company in the production of polymer materials and polyurethane, which is among the largest TDI producers globally.
- Huntsman Corporation :An international American chemical company engaged in the production of chemical materials and polyurethane.
- Chinese companies: China is one of the largest TDI producers globally, with companies such as Wanhua Chemical Group and Yantai Juli Fine Chemicals being among the largest producers in this field.
These companies are recognized as the largest TDI producers globally, but many other companies worldwide are also active in the production of toluene diisocyanate.
Advantages and Disadvantages of TDI:
Toluene diisocyanate has several advantages and disadvantages, particularly in its applications in various industries. Here are some of the key advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages:
- Versatile Usage: This material is widely used in the production of polyurethane foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers, making it a versatile chemical compound with diverse applications across industries such as automotive, construction, furniture, and textiles.
- Excellent Insulation Properties: Polyurethane foams produced using this material exhibit excellent insulation properties, making them suitable for thermal insulation applications in buildings, refrigeration, and appliances.
- High Strength and Durability: Polyurethane products made from this material are known for their high strength, durability, and resistance to wear and tear, providing long-lasting performance in various end-use applications.
- Customizable Properties: The properties of polyurethane materials can be customized by adjusting the formulation and processing parameters, allowing manufacturers to tailor the final product to meet specific performance requirements.
- Good Adhesion: TDI-based polyurethane adhesives offer good adhesion to a wide range of substrates, making them suitable for bonding diverse materials in construction, automotive, and manufacturing industries.
Disadvantages:
- Toxicity: This material is considered toxic and can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system upon exposure. Prolonged or high-level exposure to TDI vapors may lead to respiratory problems, asthma, or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
- Sensitization and Health Risks: This material exposure can lead to sensitization, where individuals develop allergic reactions upon subsequent exposure, even at lower concentrations. Occupational exposure to it vapors poses health risks to workers in industries involved in its handling and processing.
- Environmental Concerns: This material and its manufacturing by-products may pose environmental hazards if not properly managed. Spills, leaks, or improper disposal of TDI-containing materials can contaminate soil, water, and air, potentially harming ecosystems and human health.
- Regulatory Compliance: This material is subject to regulatory restrictions and guidelines due to its toxicity and potential health hazards. Manufacturers and users of TDI-containing products must adhere to safety regulations, handling procedures, and exposure limits set by regulatory authorities to minimize risks to human health and the environment.
- Cost: This material production and handling require specialized equipment and safety measures, which may increase production costs. Additionally, regulatory compliance measures and health monitoring programs add to the overall cost of TDI-containing products.
Overall, while this material offers significant advantages in its diverse applications, careful handling, proper safety measures, and regulatory compliance are essential to mitigate its potential health and environmental risks.
Physical and Chemical Properties Toluene diisocyanate :
This material is known as a diisocyanate, meaning it contains two isocyanate (-NCO) groups. These isocyanate groups can react with hydroxyl groups (-OH) in other molecules, such as polyols, to form polyurethanes.
The physical and chemical properties of this chemical compound can influence its behavior and performance as a chemical substance in various industries. Here are some of these properties:
- Radical activity: Toluene diisocyanate is prone to decomposition into isocyanate radicals, which is crucial for the production of polyurethanes. This decomposition occurs with the assistance of catalysts such as amines.
- Viscosity: This material is a liquid at room temperature and has significant viscosity. These properties can be important for processing in industrial processes such as plastic injection.
- Thermal stability: This chemical compound is stable at temperatures typically used in industries (such as room temperature or moderate temperatures), but it may begin to decompose at higher temperatures, which should be considered in production and usage processes.
- Moisture sensitivity: It is sensitive to moisture and may react with moisture to form carbamates and secondary isocyanates. This property requires storage and use under dry conditions.
This list highlights some important properties of toluene diisocyanate, and depending on the specific conditions of use and chemical processes, it may have other properties as well.
Types of TDI grades:
This material is typically available in different grades, which may vary slightly in their chemical composition, purity, and properties. The two main types of this material grades commonly found in the market are:
- TDI 80/20: This grade is typically contains a mixture of two isomers: 80% 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 20% 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI). It is the most commonly used grade of TDI due to its balanced properties and cost-effectiveness.
- TDI 65/35: This grade is also contains a mixture of two isomers: 65% 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 35% 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI). It may offer slightly different properties compared to TDI 80/20 and is sometimes preferred for specific applications where its characteristics are advantageous.
These two grades are the most widely used, but other variations may exist depending on specific manufacturer specifications and customer requirements. The choice of this material grade depends on factors such as the intended application, desired performance characteristics, and regulatory compliance considerations.
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Karun Petrochemical and other domestic factories are producers of this chemical material in Iran.
These units are among the largest TDI producers in Iran and play a significant role in supplying domestic needs and exporting this material to global markets.
It is a chemical compound used in various industries, especially in the production of sponges and polyurethane foams. This compound is used as a key material in the production of foam sponges, which are used in many products, including automotive and furniture industries. Due to its physical and chemical properties. This material is one of the popular materials in the production of polyurethane foams. However, it should be noted that this material is known as a toxic and irritating chemical substance and should be handled with extreme caution and in accordance with safety guidelines. Below are some of the widely-used applications of this chemical compound:
- Insulation Materials: This material is commonly used in the production of insulation materials due to its ability to form polyurethane foams with excellent insulating properties.
- Automotive Industry: In the automotive industry, TDI-based polyurethane foams are used for seat cushions, headrests, armrests, and interior trim components due to their comfort, durability, and versatility.
- Furniture Manufacturing: TDI-based foams are extensively used in the furniture industry for manufacturing mattresses, sofas, chairs, and other upholstered furniture items.
- Construction Sector: It is employed in the construction sector for the production of rigid and flexible polyurethane foams used in insulation panels, sealants, adhesives, and coatings.
- Packaging Materials: Polyurethane foams made from it are utilized in packaging applications to protect fragile items during transportation and storage.
- Footwear Industry: TDI-based polyurethane foams are utilized in the production of shoe soles and inserts due to their cushioning and shock-absorbing properties.
- Marine and Aerospace: TDI-based polyurethane foams find applications in marine and aerospace industries for insulation, buoyancy, and structural reinforcement purposes.
These are just a few examples of the many applications of this material in various industries. Its versatility and performance characteristics make it a valuable material in the manufacturing sector, despite its associated hazards. Proper handling and safety precautions are essential when working with this material to minimize risks to human health and the environment.
The storage conditions for Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) are critical to ensure its stability and safety. Here are the key storage guidelines for TDI:
- Temperature: This material should be stored at temperatures below 25°C to prevent decomposition and minimize the risk of hazardous reactions. Avoid exposure to high temperatures, as elevated temperatures can accelerate the degradation of this material.
- Humidity: This material should be stored in a dry environment to prevent moisture absorption, which can lead to chemical reactions and the formation of unwanted by-products. Maintain low humidity levels in the storage area to preserve the quality of the this material.
- Ventilation: Adequate ventilation is essential in the storage area to prevent the accumulation of vapors and to maintain air quality. Ensure good airflow to minimize the concentration of it’s vapors and reduce the risk of inhalation exposure.
- Light: It should be stored in opaque containers or in a dark environment to protect it from exposure to light, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Light can promote degradation reactions in this material, leading to changes in chemical composition and decreased product quality.
- Compatibility: Store this material away from incompatible materials and substances, such as strong oxidizing agents, acids, bases, and moisture-sensitive compounds. Segregate this material from these materials to prevent chemical reactions and potential hazards.
- Container: It should be stored in tightly sealed containers made of compatible materials, such as steel drums or containers specifically designed for chemical storage. Ensure that containers are properly labeled and in good condition to prevent leaks or spills.
- Handling: Exercise caution when handling this material to minimize the risk of exposure. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection, when working with it. Follow safe handling procedures and avoid direct contact with the skin or inhalation of vapors.
By following these storage guidelines, you can maintain the integrity and safety of this material throughout its storage period.
Packaging for TDI
Proper packaging and storage of a sensitive chemical compound with the potential to pose serious hazards is crucial, especially when it serves as one of the primary raw materials in polyurethane industries. Following all safety and protective principles is essential in packaging this chemical to mitigate associated risks. Below, we examine key considerations that must be observed in the packaging of toluene diisocyanate (TDI):
- Selection of Suitable Drums: For packaging this substance, sturdy and appropriate drums should be used. Metal drums or specialized transport containers capable of withstanding pressure and environmental conditions during transit are suitable choices.
- Protective Coating: Packaging should feature an adequate protective coating to prevent moisture ingress, UV light exposure, and air contact, reducing oxidation and TDI contamination.
- Labeling: Packaging must be clearly labeled to indicate its contents as containing toluene diisocyanate and display warnings about its hazards. This information should be presented in multiple languages and with comprehensible graphical symbols.
- Attention to Storage Conditions: Packaging should be designed to provide ideal storage conditions for TDI, including factors such as temperature, humidity, and sunlight exposure.
- Use of Safety Equipment: During packaging, transportation, and handling of TDI, workers should utilize appropriate safety equipment such as respirators and specialized gloves to prevent direct contact with the substance.
- Cleaning and Disinfection: Containers should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before packaging to prevent any contamination or foreign particles.
- Training and Awareness: All personnel involved in the packaging process of this chemical compound should receive comprehensive training and have sufficient awareness of the hazards and safety measures necessary for their control.
In summary, packaging and exporting toluene diisocyanate (TDI) must be conducted in accordance with relevant industry standards and up-to-date protocols, ensuring full compliance with safety and health principles to mitigate any hazards to workers and the environment.
- Buy from a reputable and authorized supplier that holds necessary certifications and guarantees quality.
- Compare the prices of these materials in different markets and compare them with the global market price.
- Examine the sales conditions regarding quantity, delivery time, packaging, transportation methods, and payment terms.
- If you intend to import TDI from foreign countries, investigate customs and legal regulations and comply with export and import regulations.
- Contact Petro Nour Mehr Company to obtain the most suitable export price based on your conditions.
- After signing the contract, you can place your order.
- Secure and suitable payment methods according to customer preferences are provided by the company.
- Then, the loading stage is completed by selecting and introducing a transport company.
- Necessary documents for customs clearance at the destination city are also provided to customers by Petro Nour Mehr Company.